Biology 237 Unit 1 Objectives
The Skeletal System
14. Identify the functions of the skeletal system and the organs which comprise it.
15. Identify, locate and describe the characteristics of the following components of a bone and
relate to skeletal functions: cancellous (spongy) bone, cortical (compact) bone, red marrow,
yellow marrow, periosteum, Sharpey's fibers, endosteum, articular cartilage, diaphysis,
epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary canal.
16. Identify the location, arrangement and function of the following components of bone
(osseous) tissue: Haversian system (osteon), Haversian canal, lacunae, canaliculi, lamellae,
Volkmann's canals.
17. Distinguish between endochondral and intramembraneous ossification with regard to
location and the characteristics of each process. Terms: primary ossification center, secondary
ossification center, periosteal bud, osteoid, cartilage model, membrane model.
18. Distinguish between the following cells found in bone as to function and location:
osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.
19. Describe the importance of bone remodeling and growth and its relationship to calcium
homeostasis. Identify cells, hormones, minerals and vitamins involved and their functions, and the
impact of stress. Terms: hydroxyapatite, appositional growth, osteoid seam, bone resorption,
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, growth hormone, estrogen, androgens, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia, rickets, Paget's disease.
20. Describe the events which occur to heal a fracture of a bone: hematoma, fibrocartilage
callus, bony callus, bone remodeling.
General Terms:
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, wormian bones
bone contours:
process, condyle, tuberosity, tubercle, foramen
meatus, sinus, fossa, spine.
bones: contours:
cranial bones
frontal paranasal sinuses (4) nasal conchae
parietal sutures (4) fontanels (6)
occipital foramen magnum occipital condyles
temporal mastoid process external acoustic meatus
ethmoid perpendicular plate
sphenoid sella turcica
facial bones
zygomatic zygomatic arch
maxilla
mandible TMJ
lacrimal
nasal
hyoid
vertebral column
atlas vertebral foramen
axis spinous process (spine) dens (odontoid process)
cervical v. lamina transverse foramina
thoracic v. arch
lumbar v. transverse process
sacrum body of vertebra
coccyx articular processes and facets
ribs and sternum
true ribs costal cartilage
false ribs
floating ribs
manubrium
body of sternum
xiphoid process
pectoral girdle
clavicle glenoid fossa spine of scapula
scapula acromion process coracoid process
arm and hand
humerus head of humerus trochlea
radius tuberosities of humerus and radius
ulna olecranon process coronoid process
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
pelvic girdle
coxal (hip) bone greater sciatic notch
pubis symphysis pubis
ischium true pelvis ischial tuberosity
ilium acetabulum iliac crest
leg and foot
femur head of femur
tibia greater and lesser trochanters
fibula condyles of femur and tibia
patella lateral and medial malleolus
tarsals tibial tuberosity
metatarsals
phalanges
calcaneous
Other Terms:
scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis,
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