The Blood
Study Guide
1. Identify and differentiate the
following constituents of blood and their sources and functions: plasma, formed
elements, albumin, globulins (transport, immuno-), fibrinogens, erythrocytes,
leucocytes, thrombocytes, serum, hematocrit, PCV, VPRC.
2. Describe the characteristics and functions of
erythrocytes, their average number and lifespan. Identify the locations of
erythrocyte manufacture (erythropoiesis), storage and aged erythrocyte
destruction in the body. Describe the life cycle of erythrocytes including the
feedback control of erythropoiesis, and the substances needed. Include
the roles of the kidney and bone marrow. Terms: hemocytoblast,
pleuripotential stem cell, colony forming unit (CFU), erythropoietin, folic
acid, Vitamin B12, iron, apotransferrin, transferrin, intrinsic factor, iron
deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, myeloid tissue, Rouleau
formation.
3. Describe the structural components of hemoglobin and
its location and function in the body. Describe the chemical change the
molecule exhibits between the oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin states.
Describe the effect of carbon monoxide on the function of hemoglobin.
Identify the products of hemoglobin breakdown and their fates in the
body. Terms: globin, alpha and beta chains, heme group, iron,
bilirubin, ferritin, hemosiderin, carbon monoxide poisoning, sickle-cell anemia,
carboxyhemoglobin.
4. Describe the mechanisms for carrying oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the blood and the proportions carried by each means. Describe
the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide with water and discuss where and under
what conditions the reaction occurs. Terms: carbonic anhydrase, carbonic
acid, bicarbonate buffer, carbaminohemoglobin.
5. Identify the source and occurrence and describe the
structure and functions of each of the following leucocytes: neutrophil
(PMN), monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil. Terms: leucopoiesis,
leukemia, leucopenia, mononucleosis, mast cell, histamine, heparin,
antihistamine, CSFs (colony stimulating factors).
6. Describe the basic mechanism of blood clotting (coagulation,
hemostasis). Include the sources and roles of: platelets (thrombocytes),
prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, thromboplastin, platelet factors,
calcium ions, collagen, thromboxane, PF3, antithrombin III. Identify the
significance and difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
and the components of each. Describe the basic events occurring in each of the
three phases: vascular spasm, platelet adhesion, coagulation.
Terms: clot retraction, thrombus, embolus, platelet plug, fibrinolysis,
plasmin, prothrombinase (prothrombin activator).
7. Describe the importance and functions of the following
which facilitate or inhibit clotting: antithrombin III, heparin, citrate,
coumadin (e.g. dicumarol), blood pressure, vasoconstriction, temperature,
vitamin K, serotonin.
8. Describe the circulatory plan
and identify the functions of heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and
the blood as organs of the cardiovascular system.
Revised: