(Note: you may need to review the stages of mitosis and meiosis)
2. Describe and compare the locations and processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis and describe the stages and events of each. Include: stem cells, oogonia, spermatogonia, primary oocyte, primary spermatocyte, secondary oocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid (ootid), polar bodies.
3. Describe the location and function of spermiogenesis and describe the changes which differentiate spermatozoa from spermatids. Include: sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, blood- testis barrier, acrosome, head, midpiece, tail.
4. Describe the role of FSH and LH in controlling spermatogenesis and testosterone production. Include: brain-testicular axis, interstitial cells of the testis, androgen binding protein, inhibin, testosterone.
5. Identify the functional characteristics of the ovum and the role of spermatozoa and fertilization in meiosis II in oogenesis. Include: yolk, zona pellucida, corona radiata, zona granulosum, cumulous mass (ooforus).
6. Describe the functional anatomy of the male reproductive system, including: scrotum, tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, septa, seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis (head, body, tail), ductus (vas) deferens, spermatic cord, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, urethra (membranous, prostatic, penile), penis, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans, prepuce.
7. Describe the importance of maintaining testicular temperature below body temperature and the role of the scrotum and pampiniform plexus in doing so. Terms: cremaster and dartos muscles.
8. Describe the events involved in erection, emission and ejaculation and the delivery of sperm to the urethra. Identify the roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in these processes. Identify the functions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
9. Describe the functional anatomy of the female reproductive system, including: ovaries, ovarian ligaments, broad ligaments, uterine ligaments, suspensory ligaments, fimbriae, fallopian (uterine) tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora.
10. Describe the histological differences between the fallopian tubes, the uterine mucosa, the cervix, and the vagina and identify the functional significance of those differences.
11. Distinguish the functional characteristics of the perimetrium, myometrium endometrium, stratum basalis, stratum functionalis.
12. Describe the stages of oogenesis and related events as they relate to the functions of the following: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature (Graafian) follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans, germinal epithelium.
13. Distinguish between the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the ovary. Identify structures present, hormones secreted, and control mechanisms. Include: estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH.
14. Distinguish between the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases of the uterus. Identify the functional changes which occur in the endometrium and the hormones involved. Terms: uterine glands, spiral artery, lacunae.
15. Describe the relationship between ovarian events and uterine events in the ovulatory cycle and describe the hormonal controls of each.
16. Describe the events which occur a) if no fertilization occurs, and b) with fertilization. Include: HCG, zygote, chorion, chorionic villi, placenta, umbilicus, embryo, morula, blastocyst.
17. Desribe the structure and function of the placenta. Include: chorionic villi, decidua basalis, lacunae.
18. Describe the functions of the following placental hormones: hCG, estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic somatomammotropin, relaxin.
19. Describe the changes in each of the following maternal functions during pregnancy: cardiac output, respiration, salt and water reabsorption in the kidney, endocrine functions (adrenal cortex, thyroid).
20. Describe the three stages of labor and describe the hormonal and mechanical factors which produce these stages.
21. Describe the effect of the following hormones in producing growth and secretion of the breasts, and ejection of milk: estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, oxytocin.