BIOLOGY 238 UNIT 3A OBJECTIVES

Nutrition and Metabolism

1. Identify and describe the functions of the liver. Include its metabolic functions (glycemicregulation, transamination, deamination, lipid metabolism), detoxification, defense,manufacture, storage, and excretion. Terms: bile, bile pigments, bile salts, urea, Kupffer cells, hepatocytes.

2. Identify the following structures and describe their contribution to liver structure or function: lobules, sinusoids, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common hepatic duct, bile duct, triad, bile canaliculi, hepatic vein, falciform ligament, ligamentum teres.

3. Differentiate hepatitis and cirrhosis and describe causative factors.

4. Describe pancreatic structure as it relates to exocrine and endocrine secretions. Include: acini, islets of Langerhans, alpha cells, beta cells.

5. Describe the process of glycemic regulation in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. Identify objectives and conditions of each state, together with hormones regulating each state. Terms: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol.

6. Differentiate between Type I (IDDM) and Type II (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. Describe the causative factors of each, contributing conditions, damaging and life-threatening effects, methods of treatment and management.

7. Distinguish between hypoglycemia and reactive hypoglycemia as to causes and treatment.

8. Describe the process of lipid metabolism in each state including objectives, conditions, and hormone regulators. Terms: lipolysis, lipogenesis, beta oxidation, ketone bodies, acidosis, triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs, HDLs. Explain the meaning of "glucose sparing" and its role in glycemic regulation.

9. Describe the process of protein metabolism in each state including objectives, conditions, and hormone regulators. Terms: essential amino acids, transamination, deamination, ketoacids.

10. Identify the functions of the vitamins, especially those relating to use and metabolism of nutrients. Differentiate between fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins with regard to absorption and storage.

11. Describe the structure of ATP and its role in metabolism. Terms: anabolism, catabolism, endergonic, exergonic.

12. Define oxidation-reduction and describe how such reactions apply to metabolism. Terms: electron acceptors, NAD, FAD, H⁺/e^-.

13. Describe the basic process of glycolysis including reactants, products, energy inputs, energy outputs, metabolites, waste products, and its major physiological function.

14. Describe the basic process of Krebs Cycle including location, reactants, products, energy inputs, energy outputs, metabolites, waste products, and its major physiological function. Terms: acetyl group, Coenzyme A, oxaloacetic acid, citric acid, alpha ketoglutaric acid.

15. Describe the location and function of the electron transport system including inputs, outputs, and waste products. Terms: oxidative phosphorylation, cytochromes.

Glycemic Regulation:

Vitamins and Minerals

Fat soluble vitamins (can be stored in liver)

A (retinol) - photoreceptor pigments

beta carotene - precursor to Vitamin A

anti-oxidant

D - calcium absorption

E - anti-oxidant

K - prothrombin production

Water soluble vitamins (must be ingested regularly)

C (ascorbic acid) - collagen, connective tissues, anti-oxidant

B1 (thiamin) - aerobic metabolism

B2 (riboflavin) - FAD

Niacin (nicotinamide) - NAD

B6 (pyridoxine) - amino acid metabolism

Pantothenic Acid - coenzyme A

Biotin - enzymes in Krebs Cycle

B12 (cyanocobalamine) - erythrocyte manufacture

Folic acid - amino acid synthesis

Minerals:-

calcium - bones, teeth, muscle contraction, clotting

phosphorus - bones, teeth, nucleic acids, buffers, phospholipids

magnesium - enzyme cofactor, muscle & nerve polarization

sulfur - structural proteins

sodium - membrane polarity, osmolarity, buffering

chlorine - primary anion

iron - hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes

iodine - thyroid hormones

manganese - enzyme cofactor

copper - pigments

zinc - enzyme cofactor, function of synapses

cobalt - erythrocyte metabolism

fluorine - teeth structure

selenium - anti-oxidant

chromium - carbohydrate metabolism, insulin function

Metabolic Pathways: