The Endocrine System | Hormone Chart
1. For the following hormones, identify the gland of origin and its location, the site of action, and the action of each. Also identify any controlling hormones involved.
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) - tropic hormones
gonadotropins (FSH, LH, ICSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Prolactin
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones
oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Thyroid gland
T4 (thyroxine), T3 (triiodothyronine)
Calcitonin
Parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex - the corticosteroids
mineral corticoids - aldosterone
glucocorticoids - cortisol
gonadocorticoids
gonads - sex hormones
androgens - testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans
insulin
glucagon
Pineal gland
Melatonin
Thymus
2. Identify and describe the three basic methods by which endocrine glands are controlled: substrate level control, control by the autonomic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary control. Give examples of each
.
3. Describe the relationship between pituitary and hypothalamus and the hypothalamic mechanism
for feedback control of the pituitary hormones. Include: infundibulum,
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, hypophyseal portal veins, releasing and inhibiting
hormones, (GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, GHIH, PRH, PIH), tropic hormones,
neurosecretion.
4. Differentiate between prohormones and prehormones and give examples of each.
Term: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).
5. Describe the nature and use of second messengers and compare the action of hormones which
require second messengers and those that do not. Identify the principal second messenger
systems. Terms: cAMP, G proteins, calcium.
Additional Terms
somatomedins zona glomerulosa
somatostatin zona fasciculata
gigantism zona reticularis
dwarfism pancreatic a cells
goiter pancreatic b cells
myxedema (hypothyroidism in adults) hyperglycemia
cretinism (hypothyroidism in children) ketoacidosis
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)
parafollicular cells
| GLAND | HORMONE | TARGET | ACTION |
| Anterior Pituitary
(adenohypophysis) Controlled by the hypothalamus:
GnRH---->
TRH----->
CRH-----> |
Tropic Hormones: | Second Tier Glands | Activation of other glands |
| Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) |
ovaries
testes |
follicle development
estrogen secretion spermatogenesis | |
| Leuteinizing
Hormone LH,
ICSH, Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone |
ovaries
testes interstitial cells |
completion of meiosis I, ovulation, corpus
luteum,
progesterone & estrogen secretion testosterone | |
| Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH) |
thyroid gland | gland development
thyroxine (T4) , T3 | |
| Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (ACTH) |
adrenal cortex | corticosteroids | |
| Melanocyte Stim. Hormone (MSH) | melanocytes | secrete melanin | |
| Adenohypophysis
(contd.) GHRH-----> GHIH----->
PRH-----> PIH-----> |
Growth Hormone
(somatotropin) |
all tissues, especially
musculoskeletal |
anabolic for proteins
catabolic for fats |
| Prolactin (PRL)
(luteotropin) |
mammary glands | milk production | |
| Posterior Pituitary
(Neurohypophysis) |
Oxytocin (OT) | uterine smooth mus.
mammary glands |
labor contractions
milk ejection |
| Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) | collecting tubules | water reabsorption | |
| Thyroid gland | thyroxine (T4) & T3 | most tissues except brain, spleen, gonads | regulate metabolic rate and catabolism |
| calcitonin | bone and blood Ca++ | lowers blood calcium
increase osteoblasts | |
| Parathyroid glands | parathormone (PTH) | GI, kidneys, skeleton | increases blood Ca++ |
| Adrenal cortex | corticosteroids | ||
| mineral corticoids
aldosterone |
distal convoluted
tubule |
increases Na+reabsorption | |
| glucocorticoids
cortisol |
liver, muscle, bone,
connective tissue |
gluconeogenesis
anti-inflammatory | |
| gonadocorticoids
androgens and estrogens |
gonads and other body tissues | complement gonadal production | |
| Adrenal medulla | catecholamines | sympathetic receptors | sympathomimetic |
| Pancreas | insulin | liver, all cells esp.
active metabolic |
glycogenesis
metabolic uptake |
| glucagon | liver and muscles | raises blood glucose | |
| gonads | androgens | testes, other tissues | sperm prod, secondary sex char. |
| estrogen/
progesterone |
prep for pregnancy
2nd sex characteristics | ||
| Pineal gland | melatonin | hypothalamus | biorhythms |