| The Blood | The Heart | Cardio-Physiology | Blood Vessels | Respiratory System |
| Digestive System | Urinary System
|
Endocrine System |
Male Reproductive System |
Female
Reproductive System
|
|
|
|
|
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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II LAB
Instructor: Jim Swan
REFERENCED
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| The Blood | The Heart | Cardio-Physiology | Blood Vessels | Respiratory System |
| Digestive System | Urinary System
|
Endocrine System |
Male Reproductive System |
Female
Reproductive System
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lab 1- The Blood
I. Topics & Reading Assignments - NOTE: Due to concerns over liability in the laboratory some instructors longer do a "wet lab" for the blood.
The Blood - Exercise 29, Text Chap. 18
Composition of Blood
Hematocrit
Coagulation
Blood Typing
Blood Histology
See the Virtual Microscope�
A. Identify the meaning of all terms below.
B. Be able to recognize and differentiate blood cells and their visible characteristics under the light microscope and describe their major functions.
C. Describe procedures for measurement of clotting time, hematocrit, and blood type and
correctly make these measurements when given a blood sample or facsimile.
III. Procedures -See also separate Lab Protocol
A. Composition of Blood
Plasma
Formed Elements- know source and function of each cell and identify in
microscopic preparation.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells, WBCs)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes (Agranular Leukocytes)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Megakaryocytes
B. Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume, VPRC)- define terms and be able to measure in
collected blood sample.
C. Blood Clotting (Coagulation)- identify the three major steps of the coagulation
pathway and the role of the following components. Differentiate between
the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Thromboplastin (platelet, tissue)
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
D. Blood Typing - know how to identify each type in blood test, which antigens and which antibodies each type has
Antigens (Agglutinogens)
Antibodies (Agglutinins)
ABO Blood Group
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Rh Blood Group
Rh-negative
Rh-positive
Write-up to Turn in - As per instructions in Lab Protocol
Lab 2 - The Heart
I. Topics & Reading Assignments
Heart Anatomy Manual: Ex. 30 Text: Ch. 19
Histology of the Heart
II. Things to Know:
Position of Heart
Mediastinum
Apex
Base
Coverings of Heart [See Figures 19.1, 19.2]
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
Parietal Pericardium
Serous Layer
Fibrous Pericardium (Pericardial Sac)
Heart Wall
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart Chambers and connections [See Figure 19.4]
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
right and left auricles
Interatrial Septum
Interventricular Septum
Great Vessels
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Aorta
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Descending Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk
Right Pulmonary Artery
Left Pulmonary Artery
Left Pulmonary Veins
Right Pulmonary Veins
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Ductus Arteriosus (see manual pp. 303-304)
Heart Valves [See Figures 19.7, 19.8, 19.9][See Valve Function Diagram]
Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid Valve (Right Atrioventricular)
Mitral Valve (Bicuspid, Left Atrioventricular)
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscles
Semilunar Valves
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Cardiac (Coronary) Circulation [See Figure 19.10]
Left Coronary Artery
Anterior Interventricular Artery (Left Anterior Descending LAD)
Circumflex Artery
Right Coronary Artery
Marginal Artery
Posterior Interventricular Artery
Coronary Sinus
Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
III. Lab Protocol
A. Identify parts on heart model. Be able to trace the flow of blood using the heart model.
B. Identify parts on sheep heart and on dissected human heart. Be able to trace the flow of blood
using these hearts.
C. Identify parts visible on cadaver heart.
D. Be prepared for quiz next week on the parts identified and their functions, including vessels,
valves, chambers, remnants of fetal structures, sequence of blood flow, including oxygenation,
de-oxygenation, etc. Quiz will include questions on blood.
E. ADAM - Use the ADAM software to review parts of the heart and its location in the thorax,
relationship to major vessels and adjacent organs.
Lab 3 - Cardio-Physiology
I. Topics & Reading Assignments
Conduction System and ECG Manual: Ex. 31, Text: Ch. 19
Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, Pulse, Blood Pressure Manual: Ex. 34 pp.
II. Things to Know
Intrinsic Conduction System - sequence of events and relationship to ECG
[See Figure 19.14 and Class Diagram]
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)- recognize or diagram waves in standard lead with
relationship to conduction system [See ECG]
including P Wave, QRS Complex, T Wave.
Cardiac Cycle (see text pp. 675-677 - describe sequence of events and explain
resulting blood flow). [See Figure 19.19]
Systole
Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole
Isovolumetric Contraction Period
Ventricular Ejection Period
Heart Sounds - identify the following:
First Heart Sound - relationship to cardiac cycle
Second Heart Sound - relationship to cardiac cycle
Murmurs
Auscultation
Stethoscope
Pulse - normal values, methods of measurement, dicrotic notch
Blood Pressure - normal values, methods and basis of measurement, relationship
to cardiac cycle
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Sphygmomanometer
Sounds of Korotkoff
III. Lab Protocol - Lab Report to be turned in the following week.
A. Use the ECG recording machine to measure the ECG on one or more persons
in your group. Obtain enough recording tape to provide each person in the
group with a few traces of standard lead.
Lab Report: Label the phases in a representative section using the standard lead and include in your report. Explain the electrical events in the heart corresponding to each phase. Calculate the pulse rate from the ECG as indicated on page 307 (or use an alternate method) and include in your report.
B. Use the physiograph and pulse transducer to record the pulse waves of an
individual in your group.
Lab Report: Label the dicrotic notch and describe its cause.
Also collect the data as described below.
C. Use the hand held stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers to measure the resting
blood pressure. Perform the calculations on pp. 344-345. Compare resting
pressure and pulse with that after exercise, with a noxious stimulus, or after
smoking (optional). Compare data between different individuals (e.g. well vs
poorly conditioned).
Lab Report: Record the data obtained and include in a data table similar to that
shown on p. 345. Explain the observations seen based on cardiovascular physiology.
D. ADAM - use the ADAM software to examine:
1) the heart's conduction system and its relationship to the ECG.
2) factors which affect cardiac output.
Labs 4 & 5 - The Blood Vessels
I. Topics & Reading Assignments
Blood Vessel Types Manual: Ex. 32
Blood Vessel Histology
Blood Vessels Serving Head, Neck and Arms Manual: Ex. 32 pp. 295-300
Blood Vessels Serving the Legs Manual: Ex. 32 pp. 296-299
II. Things to know:
Blood Vessel Types [See Figure 20.1]
Arteries
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Metarterioles, Thoroughfare Channels [See Figure 20.3]
Capillaries
Veins
Venules
Veins
Blood Vessel Histology
Tunica Intima (Tunica Interna)
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa (Tunica Adventitia)
Internal elastic membrane
Blood Vessel Identification (may depend on cadaver dissection):
A. Vessels of the Upper Body
Head, Neck & Arm Arteries: [See Selected Arteries and Veins of the Head, Neck and Arms]
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Brachiocephalic (Innominate) Artery
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Common Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Superior Thyroid Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery
Subclavian Artery
Internal Thoracic (Mammary) Artery
Vertebral Artery
Thyrocervical Trunk
Costocervical
Axillary Artery
Thoracoacromial Trunk
Subscapular Artery
Anterior Humeral Circumflex Artery
Posterior Humeral Circumflex Artery
Deep Brachial Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Common Interosseous Artery
Head, Neck and Arm Veins:
Superior Vena Cava
Brachiocephalic Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Subclavian Vein
Vertebral Vein
External Jugular Vein
Axillary Vein
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Median Vein
Brachial Vein
Radial Veins
Ulnar Veins
B. Vessels of the Lower Body
Arteries serving the legs: [See Selected Vessels of the Lower Body]
Abdominal Aorta
Common Iliac Artery
Internal Iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Femoral Artery
Deep Femoral Artery
Lateral Femoral Circumflex Artery
Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Peroneal Artery
Veins draining the legs:
Inferior Vena Cava
Common Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Vein
External Iliac Vein
Femoral Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
Lateral Femoral Circumflex Vein
Medial Femoral Circumflex Vein
Deep Femoral Vein
Popliteal Vein
Anterior Tibial Veins
Posterior Tibial Veins
Peroneal Veins
III. Lab Protocol
Turn in a labeled drawing comparing artery and vein showing structure and layers.
Study the and learn the names and locations of vessels in the cadaver
beginning with those of the arm. The leg vessels will be continued until
next week, upon instructor's directions.
Study the ADAM software to aid in identification of vessels.
Prepare for a quiz week 5 on the upper vessels and cardiac physiology, and for your
MIDTERM LAB PRACTICAL EXAM on week 6.
Lab 6 - Respiratory System
Topics & Reading Assignments
A. Respiratory System Anatomy: Manual: Ex. 36 pp. 332-339, Text: Ch. 23
B. Respiratory Physiology: Manual: Ex. 37 pp. 340-348
Respiratory Histology
II. Things to Know:
Identify the location (on model and/or cadaver, or microscope slide)
and function (where appropriate) of each of the following:
A. Anatomy
1. Conducting Zone
a) Upper Respiratory Passages
External Nares (Nostrils)
Nasal Cavity
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Middle Nasal Conchae
Superior Nasal Conchae
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal Tonsils (Adenoids)
Opening of Pharyngotympanic (Auditory, Eustachian) Canal (Tube)
Oropharynx
Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid gland
Cricoid Cartilage
Thyrohyoid Membrane
Cricothyroid Ligament
Epiglottis
Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords)
Arytenoid Cartilages
Glottis
Hyoid Bone
b) Respiratory Tree
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lung
Right Lung
Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Left Lung
Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe
Pleurae
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural Cavity (Pleural Space)
c) Muscles of Respiration
Diaphragm
External Intercostal Muscles
Internal Intercostal Muscles
2. Respiratory Zone
Histology (See [Lung Histology] and [Alveolar Histology]
Trachea
Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Goblet Cells
Seromucous Glands
Hyaline Cartilage
Lung
Bronchioles
ciliated columnar epithelium (large bronchioles)
non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium (terminal bronchioles)
smooth muscle
Alveoli and alveolar sacs.
simple squamous epithelium
Capillaries and other blood vessels.
B. Spirometry:
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Tidal Volume*
Inspiratory Reserve Volume*
Expiratory Reserve Volume*
Vital Capacity*
Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Respiratory Rate
Minute Respiratory Volume
Forced Expiratory Volume FEV1. *
III. Lab Protocol:
Turn in a labeled drawing of the lung tissuewhich includes each of the above
structures in Histology.
Measure your vital capacity using the Proper TM Spriometer. Check the chart for the normal value
for your height, gender, and age.
Make a spirograph using the large drum spirometer. (You will work as a group using the recording obtained from one member of the group.) Measure the respiratory values indicated above as (*). Calculate the FEV1. Turn in a summary of your data with these values and calculations.
Lab 7 - Digestive System
I. Topics & Reading Assignments
A. Digestive System Anatomy Manual: Ex. 38 pp. 353-368, Text: Ch. 24
B. Digestive System Histology Manual: Ex. 38 pp. 353-368, Text: Ch. 24
C. Abdominal Circulation Manual: Ex. 32 pp. 296-304, Text: Ch. 20
Digestive Histology
II. Things to Know:
A. Anatomy
Oral Cavity (obvious structures are not listed)
Palate
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Uvula
Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland
Submandibular (submaxillary) Gland
Sublingual Gland
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Abdominopelvic Cavity Membranes
Parietal Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum
Peritoneal Cavity
Greater Omentum
Mesentery
Stomach
Gastroesophageal (cardiac) Region
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Pyloric Sphincter
Lesser Curvature
Greater Curvature
Rugae
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal Valve
Large Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Anus
internal and external anal sphincters
Taenia Coli
Haustra
Pancreas
Pancreatic Duct
Liver
Gall Bladder
Common Hepatic Duct
Cystic Duct
Common Bile Duct (Bile Duct)
Sphincter of Oddi
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Spleen (The spleen is not part of the GI system but we cover it here because it is in the abdominal
cavity.)
B. Histology:
Alimentary Canal - look for these layers in each location
Mucosa
Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa (Muscularis)
Serosa (Visceral Peritoneum)
Esophagus*
Stratified squamous epithelium*
seromucus glands (*if seen)
muscularis* (identify layers as possible)
Stomach*
Gastric Pits (*if seen)
Gastroesophageal Junction*
rugae (*if seen)
simple columnar epithelium*
goblet cells (mucus neck cells)
3-layered muscularis *
Small Intestine*
Plicae Circulares (*if seen)
Villi*
goblet Cells*
Intestinal Glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn)(*if seen)
Duodenal (Brunner's, Submucosal) Glands(* if seen)
longitudinal and transverse muscle layers*
Large Intestine
Crypts
Goblet Cells
C. Abdominal Circulation
See [Abdominal Vessels] and [Portal System]
Arteries:
Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Trunk
Common Hepatic Artery
Splenic Artery
Left Gastric Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Suprarenal Arteries
Renal Arteries
Gonadal (Testicular or Ovarian) Arteries
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Common Iliac Arteries
Internal Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Arteries
Veins:
Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Veins
Hepatic Portal Vein
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Splenic Vein
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Suprarenal Veins
Renal Veins
Gonadal (Testicular or Ovarian) Veins
Common Iliac Veins
Internal Iliac Veins
External Iliac Veins
III. Lab Protocol:
Identify the location of the anatomical structures listed above where they appear on the models and on the cadaver dissection. Examine slides of the stomach/esophagus junction and of the small intestine and make a drawing to turn in which shows the histological structures indicated by *are labeled.
Suggestion: Observe the gastroesophageal junction slide and a slide showing one of the small intestine sections such as duodenum.
Prepare for quiz next week on the respiratory and GI tracts.
Identify each of the vessels on models and/or on the cadaver when they are visible and labeled or
pointed out by the instructor. These will be included on the quiz to be given next week.
I. Lab 8 Urinary System
Topics Reading Assignments:
Manual: Ex. 40 pp. 376-383
Text: Ch. 26
Urinary System Histology
II. Things to Know:
A. Kidney
Renal Capsule*
Cortex*
Medulla*
Pyramids
Papilla
Renal Columns
Calyces
Renal Pelvis*
Adrenal gland (shown on urinary system model)
Renal Circulation
Arteries
Renal Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Interlobular Artery
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Peritubular Capillaries
Vasa Recta
Veins
Interlobular Vein
Arcuate Vein
Interlobar Vein
Renal Vein
[Nephron Structure and Function] See also [Nephron Orientation]
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus*
Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule*
Proximal and distal Convoluted Tubules*
Loop of Henle*
Collecting Duct (tube)*
juxta-glomerular apparatus
tubular epithelium* - simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar
Cortical vs. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Ureters
transitional epithelium
smooth muscle
Urinary Bladder
rugae
transitional epithelium
detrusor muscle
trigone
Prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens (shown on urinary system model)
Urethra
Internal and external Urethral Sphincters
III. Lab Protocol
Identify the above listed urinary parts, where visible, on models, and dissected kidneys from
ovis or homo sapiens. View a slide of the kidney and make a drawing to turn in showing kidney
regions with histological structures seen in each region. These are indicated above by *.
Lab 9 Endocrine System
I. Topics and Reading Assignments:
Manual: Ex. 27 pp. 250-258
Text: Ch. 18
II. Things to Know
Know glands and the hormones they produce as well as significant structural components:
Endocrine Histology
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Infundibulum
Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyrotropic Hormone (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary)
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)
Thyroid Gland
Follicles
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4)
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Parathormone)
Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids
Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids - Cortisone
Gonadocorticoids (Sex Hormones)
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Pancreas
Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
Beta Cells - Insulin
Alpha Cells - Glucagon
exocrine acini
Gonads [these will be covered in the labs dealing with reproduction]
Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
III. Lab Protocol
Examine the glands listed above microscopically (except gonads, thymus, pineal gland) and
make a drawing of one to be turned in showing the structural components identified by the
instructor. Be able to identify each gland where
shown on model or in cadaver along with hormones produced by each gland. Be able to
differentiate histological structures and between endocrine and exocrine portion of glands.
Lab 10 - Male Reproductive System
I. Topics & Reading Assignments
Reproductive Systems Histology
Male Reproductive System Manual: Ex. 42 pp. 390-394, Ex. 43 pp. 400-401
Text: Ch. 28
II. Things to Know:
Scrotum (Scrotal Sac)
dartos muscle
Testes and associated structures:
Tunica Vaginalis
Tunica Albuginea
Testicular Septa
Seminiferous Tubules *
interstitial cells *
Rete Testes
Efferent Ductules (see text pp. 1064-1065)
Epididymis *
head of epididymis
tail (cauda) epididymis
Spermatic Cord:
testicular arteries & veins
pampiniform plexus
cremaster muscle
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Penile Urethra
Accessory Glands
Seminal Fluid
Semen
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Glands
Penis
Glans
Prepuce (Foreskin)
Corpus Cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
III. Lab Protocol:
Identify structures listed where shown in models, slides, or the cadaver dissection.
Make a drawing to turn in illustrating the overall structure of the testis and its relationship to the epididymis and vas deferens, showing what can be seen microscopically (see * above). Items to be included in drawing are shown in bold type above.
Lab 11 Female Reproductive System
I. Topics and Reading Assignments:
Manual: Ex. 42 pp. 394-397, Ex. 43 pp. 402-405
Text: Ch. 28
II. Things to Know:
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Vestibule
Clitoris
Prepuce of Clitoris
Urethral Orifice
Vaginal Orifice
Hymen
Greater Vestibular (Bartholin's) Glands
Internal Organs:
Vagina
Uterus
Cervix
Body
Fundus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube
Fimbriae
Ovary
Ligaments:
Broad Ligament
Round Ligament
Ovarian Ligament
Suspensory Ligament
Ovarian Cycle
Oogenesis
Oogonia
Oocytes (primary, secondary)
Polar bodies
Ovulation
Ovum
Histology of ovary:
Primordial Follicle
Primary Follicle
Secondary Follicle
Mature (Graafian) Follicle
Corpus Luteum
Corpus Albicans
germinal epithelium
Menstrual Cycle (Uterine Cycle) [for correlation of anatomy & physiology only]
Menstrual Stage (Menses)
Proliferative Stage
Secretory Stage
Endocrinology [for correlation of anatomy & physiology only]
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Estrogen
Progesterone
III. Lab Protocol:
Identify structures listed where shown in models, slides, or the cadaver dissection.
Make a drawing of the ovary showing the structures listed in Histology above. (As per instructions)
Next week you will have your FINAL LABORATORY PRACTICAL covering all material after the midterm practical.
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