(A) generic B-cells, (B) cloning, (C) primary response, (D) secondary response,
(E) plasma cells, (F) memory cells, (G) antibody, (H) complement,
(I) Immuno competent T-cell, (J) mature cytotoxic T-cell, (K) helper T-cell,
(L), suppressor T-cell, (M) interleukins, (N) macrophages.
1. Phagocytic cells which engulf pathogens and other antigens and debris.
2. The process by which activated lymphocytes produce many more of their kind capable of responding to the same stimuli.
3. Takes from 7 to 10 days before the maximum attack occurs on antigens or infected cells.
4. Occurs quickly when a previously encountered antigen is encountered again.
5. Have receptors to a wide variety of antigens by which they are stimulated directly.
6. Plasma cells secrete these.
7. Form complexes with antigens which may cause opsonization, agglutination, neutralization, and precipitation.
8. In the "classical pathway" attack antibody-labeled cells, causing lysis.
9. Costimulator hormones which activate both the B and T cell responses.
10. Believed to be important in reducing autoimmune reactions.
11. Activated by the MHC I proteins of infected body cells.
12. Activated the MHC II proteins of macrophages which have engulfed a pathogen.
13. Secretes lymphokines (cytokines) which kill tumor cells and lyse pathogen-infected cells.
14. These cells retain the ability to respond to a particular antigen for long periods.
15. Important cells which act as costimulators for both B and T cell responses.
16. What is MHC and what is the difference between MHC I and MHC II proteins?\
17. What is the effect of HIV on the immune system?
18. What is immuno-competence and where do immune cells receive it?
19. What is an antibody?
20. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
1.N
2.B
3.C
4.D
5.A
6.G
7.G
8.H
9.M
10.L
11.I
12.K
13.J
14.F
15.K
16. MHC stand for major histocompatibility complex, and is the protein complex which identifies
your cells as being you. These proteins are used by immune system cells to differentiate between
self and non-self antigens. Class I MHC is found in all of your body cells and is used by T-cells to
identify pathogen infected body cells. MHC II proteins are found in immune system cells such as
macrophages only, and this is used by helper T cells to identify the presence of foreign antigens.
17. HIV infects helper T cells. Since helper cells are needed for co-stimulation of both the B and
T cell response, this debilitates the entire immune system.
18. Immuno-competence is the ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells and is conferred by the
thymus for T cells and probably there or the bone marrow for B cells. Conferring
immuno-competence occurs before the immune system matures at puberty.
19. Antibodies are Y shaped structures which have ends capable of bonding to certain antigens.
IgD antibodies are the receptors on generic B cells; IgM antibodies are pentamers (composed of 5
Y-shaped chains which form complex reactions which include antigens and other antibodies; IgG
are the most common antibodies circulating in the plasma; IgA antibodies are in saliva and other
secretions; IgE are the antibodies which cause allergic reactions. Antibodies are secreted by
plasma cells and can react with antigens by neutralization, precipitation, opsonization, or
agglutination.
20. Active immunity is the immunity conferred by exposure to antigens, either natural antigens or weakened or dead antigens by innoculation, which results in memory cells for these antigens. Passive immunity is the acquisition of antibodies from an outside source.