Arthrology: The Study of The Joints

Classification of Joints by Movement

Classification of Joints by Structure

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondroses

Symphyses

Synovial Joints

Structure of a Synovial Joint

Friction Reducing Structures: Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

Types of Synovial Joints: Non-axial Joints

Uniaxial Joints – movement in one axis

Movements at Uniaxial Joints:

Extension

Flexion and Extension of the Verterbral Column

Flexion and Extension of the Head

Pivot Joint

Rotation of the Head and Thigh

Rotation of the Radius

Biaxial Joints – movement in two axes

Additional Movements at Biaxial Joints

Multiaxial Joints

Movements of the Foot

Inversion and Eversion

Other Movements

The Shoulder

Right Shoulder

Left Shoulder, Ant. View

Left Shoulder, extended

The Elbow Joint

Figure 8.10 b

Figure 8.10 d

Elbow radiograph, lateral view

Elbow radiograph, dorsal view

Hip Joint

Extracapsular Ligaments of the Hip

Hip Joint Radiograph

The Knee

Figure 8.11 (c)

Extracapsular Ligaments of the Knee

Intracapsular Ligaments of the Knee

Intracapsular Ligaments

Knee Radiograph

Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints

Rheumatoid arthritis ­

Gouty arthritis ­

Joint Injuries

Bone Pathology: Osteoarthritis

Bone Pathology: Vertebral Osteoarthritis

Bone Pathology: Rheumatoid Arthritis