1) The Urinary System

2) Organs of The Urinary System

3) Structure of the Kidney

4) Kidney Section

5) Kidney Vascularization

6) Normal Human Kidney

7) Kidney Section

8) Nephrons: Functional Units of the Kidneys

9) Functional Nephron Diagram

10) Structure of the Nephron: the Glomerulus

11) Structure of the Nephron: Bowman’s Capsule

12) Structure of the Nephron: Tubules

13) Vascular System of the Nephron

14) Nephron Vasculature

15) Step 1: Filtration

16) Filtration

17) The Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule

18) The Filtration Membrane

19) Step 2: Reabsorption

20) Locations of Reabsorption

21) Reabsorption from Proximal Convoluted Tubule

22) Reabsorption from Loop of Henle

23) The Counter-Current Mechanisms

24) The Counter-Current Multiplier

25) The Counter-Current Mechanisms

26) Countercurrent Exchange of Salt

27) Reabsorption of NaCl from DCT

28) Facultative Reabsorption of Water from the Collecting Tube

29) Facultative Reabsorption of Water: The ADH Mechanism

30) Step 3: Secretion

31) Location of Secretion

32) Secreted Substances

33) Mechanism of Secretion

34) Histology of the Nephron

35) Glomerular Structures

36) Detailed Glomerular  Structure

37) Convoluted Tubules

38) Renal Medulla

39) The Macula Densa

40) Autoregulation:  Tubuloglomerular feedback

41) The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

42) Functions of the JGA Cells:

43) Response to decreased GFR and glomerular pressure

44) Response to increased Glomerular Pressure

45) Effect of Sympathetic N.S. on the Kidney

46) Renal Connection to the Heart and Circulation

47) Nephron Function Chart: Review of Nephron Function

48) Review: The Afferent Arteriole

49) Review: The Efferent Arteriole and Glomerular Region

50) Review: Proximal Tubule and Loop of Henle

51) Review: Reabsorption and Secretion

52) Review: Coutercurrent Flow

53) Review: The Countercurrent Multiplier

54) Review: Countercurrent Exchange of Salt

55) Countercurrent Exchange of Salt Diagram

56) Review: Distal Tubule and Collecting Tube

57) Facultative Reabsorption of Water and Secretion

58) Normal Constituents of Urine

59) Abnormal Constituents of Urine

60) The Urinary Bladder

61) The Ureters

62) The Micturition Reflex

63) Disorders of the Urinary Tract